- Greek Learning to Islam:
325 B.C. – Eastward spread of Greek culture begins.
431 A.D. – Council of Ephesus; Nestorians declared heretics.
529 – Scholars from Plato’s Academy (closed by Justinian) invited to Jundi- Shapur.
632 – Death of Muhammed; spread of Islam.
749 – New Muslim dynasty (Abbasids) patronize translation.
850 – Hunain ibn Ishaq heads an institute of translation.
900 – Islamic science begins to flourish in its own right.
1100 – Translation from Arabic to Latin begins.
1200 – Islamic science is in serious decline.
- Islamic Learning to Medieval Christendom:
400 – 600 A.D. – Barbarian destruction of the Roman Empire.
800 – Carolingian Renaissance under Charlemagne.
1100 – 12th-century Renaissance revives interest in learning; translation from Greek and Arabic begins.
1200 – The full legacy of Greek and Muslim learning is available in Latin and is incorporated into University curriculum.
1277 – Condemnations by Bishop of Paris represent the church’s reaction against Aristotelian and other Greek and Muslim learning.